The Grande Ecole ("Graduate school", literally in French "Grand Schools" or
"Elite Schools") of France are higher education establishments outside the
mainstream framework of the public universities system. Unlike French public
universities which have an obligation to accept all candidates of the same
region who hold a Baccalauréat, the selection criteria of Grandes écoles
rests mainly on competitive written and oral exams, undertaken by students
of dedicated preparatory classes. They do not have a large student body
(3,000 at the largest establishment; most have a few hundred students each
year) and are generally focused on a single subject area, mainly
engineering, business or humanities. They have traditionally produced a
significant number of France's high ranking civil servants, politicians and
executives as well as many scientists and philosophers.